Closing requires the simultaneous exchange of transfer documents and purchase consideration. The parties execute a bill of sale for tangible personal property, assignment and assumption agreements for contracts and intellectual property, and separate conveyance instruments for any real estate. Standard closing deliverables: Bill of Sale Assignment and Assumption Agreement Intellectual Property Assignment (if applicable) Deed (if real property is included) Officer's Certificate confirming representations and warranties remain accurate Board resolutions and shareholder vote records under BCL §909 Escrow or indemnification holdback terms for post-closing claims Post-closing purchase price adjustments are standard. The APA typically provides a mechanism for adjusting the final price based on inventory counts, accounts receivable, or working capital levels measured at closing.

Asset Transactions: Structure, Process, and Legal Essentials for Business Sales

1. What Is an Asset Transaction?

In an asset transaction, the buyer purchases specific business assets directly from the seller rather than acquiring the selling entity. The seller's legal entity stays intact and retains any assets or obligations not listed in the agreement.

Business sale transactions turn on which assets are included and which liabilities the buyer agrees to assume. The parties define that boundary in the asset purchase agreement before the deal moves forward.

Assets commonly transferred include:

Tangible assets: machinery, equipment, inventory, vehicles, and real property
Intangible assets: trademarks, patents, copyrights, trade secrets, and domain names
Contract rights: customer agreements, vendor contracts, and license agreements
Goodwill: the going-concern value of an operating business

Because the buyer does not absorb the selling entity, pre-existing liabilities, including undisclosed litigation, tax assessments, and environmental obligations, generally remain with the seller. That protection is why buyers favor this structure when hidden exposure is a concern.

2. Structuring the Asset Purchase Agreement

The asset purchase agreement (APA) controls the entire transaction. It defines what transfers, allocates risk between the parties, and establishes the conditions each side must satisfy before closing.

Every APA addresses these core provisions:

Section	Purpose
Acquired Assets / Excluded Assets	Identifies exactly which assets transfer and which remain with the seller
Purchase Price and Allocation	Sets total consideration and assigns value to each asset class
Representations and Warranties	Each party's factual statements about the business and the deal
Covenants	Pre- and post-closing obligations of each party
Indemnification	Remedies for breach and post-closing risk allocation
Conditions to Closing	Events that must occur before either party is obligated to proceed

Purchase price allocation carries real consequences for New York State income tax reporting. The values assigned across asset classes directly affect each party's taxable gain or loss, so buyers and sellers often negotiate the allocation as a material term of the deal.

3. New York Law Requirements for Asset Sales

The New York Business Corporation Law (BCL) governs the approval process for asset sales by New York corporations. Two provisions apply to most business asset transactions.

Board and Shareholder Approval (Bcl §909)

BCL §909 requires board approval for a sale, lease, exchange, or other disposition of all or substantially all of a corporation's assets outside the ordinary course of business, subject to the applicable shareholder approval requirements. Depending on the corporation’s structure and governing documents, the transaction may also require approval by the requisite shareholder vote under BCL §909. Whether a sale involves “all or substantially all” of a corporation’s assets is determined by the overall effect of the transaction, not by a single fixed percentage of asset value.

Sellers organized as limited liability companies or partnerships follow separate approval processes under the New York Limited Liability Company Law, Partnership Law, and their governing documents.

Dissenter'S Rights (Bcl §910)

Under BCL §910, shareholders who vote against an asset sale subject to §909 may demand that the corporation pay fair value for their shares. This appraisal right creates defined exposure for sellers. Our firm evaluates dissenter risk during the transaction approval process, before the shareholder vote is called.

Real Property Considerations

If the transaction includes New York real property, the parties may need to account for New York State and, where applicable, New York City real property transfer taxes. Property located in New York City carries an additional city-level Real Property Transfer Tax. The parties should complete title searches and any required transfer tax filings before recording deed or other conveyance documents.

4. Due Diligence in Asset Transactions

Asset transaction due diligence differs from entity-level review. The buyer must confirm that the seller owns, and can freely transfer, each asset listed in the APA. Corporate due diligence here means tracing ownership and clearing encumbrances asset by asset, not simply reviewing corporate records.

The main workstreams:

UCC financing statement searches, judgment lien searches, and tax lien searches verify that listed assets are free of third-party claims
Customer and vendor contracts must be reviewed for assignment restrictions; third-party consents are often required before any transfer
IP registrations must stand in the seller's name, not licensed in from a third party, before they can transfer
Licenses and permits issued to the seller's entity may not carry over automatically and may require re-application after closing

5. The Closing Process

Closing requires the simultaneous exchange of transfer documents and purchase consideration. The parties execute a bill of sale for tangible personal property, assignment and assumption agreements for contracts and intellectual property, and separate conveyance instruments for any real estate.

Standard closing deliverables:

Bill of Sale
Assignment and Assumption Agreement
Intellectual Property Assignment (if applicable)
Deed (if real property is included)
Officer's Certificate confirming representations and warranties remain accurate
Board resolutions and shareholder vote records under BCL §909
Escrow or indemnification holdback terms for post-closing claims

Post-closing purchase price adjustments are standard. The APA typically provides a mechanism for adjusting the final price based on inventory counts, accounts receivable, or working capital levels measured at closing.

6. Frequently Asked Questions

What assets does a buyer typically receive?

The APA schedule defines everything included. Equipment, inventory, intellectual property, customer contracts, and goodwill are the most common inclusions. Any asset not listed on that schedule stays with the seller.

Does the buyer take on the seller's debts?

Only the liabilities expressly listed in the assumption schedule transfer to the buyer. Courts have recognized limited exceptions under successor liability theories, including de facto merger and continuation of enterprise, which can reach buyers who structured a transaction primarily to avoid the seller's obligations. Our attorneys advise buyers on how to structure the deal to limit that exposure.

When does a New York corporation need shareholder approval?

BCL §909 may require a shareholder vote when a New York corporation sells all or substantially all of its assets outside the ordinary course of business, depending on the corporation’s structure and governing documents. The standard is qualitative: a sale of the company's primary operating assets almost always triggers it, regardless of the percentage of total asset value involved.

How long does an asset transaction take to close?

Straightforward deals can close in 30 to 60 days from letter of intent. Transactions involving regulatory approvals, real property, or third-party contract consents generally take 90 to 180 days. Setting a realistic timeline at the outset avoids last-minute delays.

7. Speak with Our Attorneys

When the scope of transferred assets or assumed liabilities is not defined with precision, acquisition disputes often follow. Our firm advises buyers and sellers on agreement structure, New York law compliance, and post-closing risk management. Contact our attorneys to schedule a consultation.

30 Mar, 2026